Probabilities are not non negative что это
nonnegative probability
Смотреть что такое «nonnegative probability» в других словарях:
probability theory — Math., Statistics. the theory of analyzing and making statements concerning the probability of the occurrence of uncertain events. Cf. probability (def. 4). [1830 40] * * * Branch of mathematics that deals with analysis of random events.… … Universalium
Probability density function — Boxplot and probability density function of a normal distribution N(0, σ2). In probability theory, a probability density function (pdf), or density of a continuous random variable is a function that describes the relative likelihood for this… … Wikipedia
Negative probability — In 1942, Paul Dirac wrote a paper The Physical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics [1] where he introduced the concept of negative energies and negative probabilities: Negative energies and probabilities should not be considered as nonsense. They … Wikipedia
Negative binomial distribution — Probability mass function The orange line represents the mean, which is equal to 10 in each of these plots; the green line shows the standard deviation. notation: parameters: r > 0 number of failures until the experiment is stopped (integer,… … Wikipedia
Wishart distribution — Probability distribution name =Wishart type =density pdf cdf parameters = n > 0! deg. of freedom (real) mathbf
John von Neumann — Von Neumann redirects here. For other uses, see Von Neumann (disambiguation). The native form of this personal name is Neumann János. This article uses the Western name order. John von Neumann … Wikipedia
Stochastic matrix — For a matrix whose elements are stochastic, see Random matrix In mathematics, a stochastic matrix (also termed probability matrix, transition matrix, substitution matrix, or Markov matrix) is a matrix used to describe the transitions of a Markov… … Wikipedia
Optimal design — This article is about the topic in the design of experiments. For the topic in optimal control theory, see shape optimization. Gustav Elfving developed the optimal design of experiments, and so minimized surveyors need for theodolite measurements … Wikipedia
Mathematical economics — Economics … Wikipedia
Multivariate normal distribution — MVN redirects here. For the airport with that IATA code, see Mount Vernon Airport. Probability density function Many samples from a multivariate (bivariate) Gaussian distribution centered at (1,3) with a standard deviation of 3 in roughly the… … Wikipedia
ValueError: probabilities are not non-negative in numpy
Again, it is running properly when:
population = [[0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0], [0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1], [0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1], [1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1]] and fit_level = [6968, 6313, 766, 6773, 355, 1095, 6848]
Traceback: File «h:/Study/CSE/422/Lab/Lab 2_422/1.py», line 103, in print(select(population, fit_level)) File «h:/Study/CSE/422/Lab/Lab 2_422/1.py», line 89, in select c = np.random.choice(a=arr, size=1, replace=True, p=probability) File «mtrand.pyx», line 930, in numpy.random.mtrand.RandomState.choice ValueError: probabilities are not non-negative
What can I do about it? Thanks in advance.
1 Answer 1
As @xdurch0 mentioned in the comment of this post, if you have a negative fitness, the probability will be negative as well.
And it was actually the problem.
Negative fitness is invalid for my problem which I did not notice earlier.
A basic sense is the probability of something will be ranged in between 0 (not possible) and 1 (possible). So, if the value is less than 0, then the probability is invalid. So please do make sure and crosscheck if the probability value you get is really valid (should not be) or not.
It can be fixed by making that negative value to 0 too. (depends on your problem statement and approach of solving the problem)
Negative probabilities in quantum physics
Negative probabilities are naturally found in the Wigner function (both the original and its discrete variants), the Klein paradox (where it is an artifact of using a one-particle theory) and the Klein-Gordon equation.
Is a general treatment of such quasi-probability distributions, besides naively using ‘legit’ probabilistic formulas? For example, is there a theory saying which measurements are allowed, so to screen negative probabilities? Additionally, is there an intuition behind negative probabilities?
8 Answers 8
One never obtains «negative probability» densities when one discusses single observables. One obtains «negative probability» densities only when one discusses joint distributions of incompatible observables, for which the commutator is non-zero (because they take negative values, they are not probability densities). So, to avoid negative probability densities entirely, only discuss joint probability densities of compatible observables.
There are some states in which some pairs of incompatible observables nonetheless result in positive-valued distributions. The best-known examples are coherent states, for which the Wigner function is positive-definite. This, however, does not extend to all possible observables, so that in a coherent state not all pairs of incompatible observables result in positive-definite joint probability densities.
The failure of joint probabilities to exist for all states means that even though positive-definite densities may exist for particular observables in particular states, it is generally taken to be too much to call any positive-definite joint density that might happen in a special class of states to be a probability density just because it is positive-definite.
There is one quite general way to construct an object that is always positive-definite from a Wigner function, which is by averaging it over a large enough region of phase space. Many attempts to do this in a mathematically general way have been constructed over the years. I personally like Paul Busch’s approach (with various co-workers), whose web-site lists two monographs that do this quite nicely:
The Quantum Theory of Measurement
Paul Busch, Pekka Lahti, Peter Mittelstaedt. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Lecture Notes in Physics, Vol. m2, 1991; 2nd ed. 1996
Operational Quantum Physics
Paul Busch, Marian Grabowski, Pekka Lahti. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Lecture Notes in Physics, Vol. m31, 1995; corr. printing 1997
I’m certain that other people have other preferences, however. For some, this is a way to reconcile quantum with classical, for others it is not.
There is a quick and dirty way of seeing the relationship between incompatibility and positive-definiteness of putatively positive joint probability densities, which can be found in a paper by Leon Cohen, «Rules of Probability in Quantum Mechanics», Foundations of Physics 18, 983(1988). I trot this out quite regularly, even though it’s rarely cited in the literature because it’s not very nice mathematics, because it’s such elementary mathematics and it influenced my understanding of QM a lot a long time ago (I cited it here, for example, for a not very related Question).
nonnegative probability
1 nonnegative probability
2 nonnegative probability
3 nonnegative probability
См. также в других словарях:
probability theory — Math., Statistics. the theory of analyzing and making statements concerning the probability of the occurrence of uncertain events. Cf. probability (def. 4). [1830 40] * * * Branch of mathematics that deals with analysis of random events.… … Universalium
Probability density function — Boxplot and probability density function of a normal distribution N(0, σ2). In probability theory, a probability density function (pdf), or density of a continuous random variable is a function that describes the relative likelihood for this… … Wikipedia
Negative probability — In 1942, Paul Dirac wrote a paper The Physical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics [1] where he introduced the concept of negative energies and negative probabilities: Negative energies and probabilities should not be considered as nonsense. They … Wikipedia
Negative binomial distribution — Probability mass function The orange line represents the mean, which is equal to 10 in each of these plots; the green line shows the standard deviation. notation: parameters: r > 0 number of failures until the experiment is stopped (integer,… … Wikipedia
Wishart distribution — Probability distribution name =Wishart type =density pdf cdf parameters = n > 0! deg. of freedom (real) mathbf
John von Neumann — Von Neumann redirects here. For other uses, see Von Neumann (disambiguation). The native form of this personal name is Neumann János. This article uses the Western name order. John von Neumann … Wikipedia
Stochastic matrix — For a matrix whose elements are stochastic, see Random matrix In mathematics, a stochastic matrix (also termed probability matrix, transition matrix, substitution matrix, or Markov matrix) is a matrix used to describe the transitions of a Markov… … Wikipedia
Optimal design — This article is about the topic in the design of experiments. For the topic in optimal control theory, see shape optimization. Gustav Elfving developed the optimal design of experiments, and so minimized surveyors need for theodolite measurements … Wikipedia
Mathematical economics — Economics … Wikipedia
Multivariate normal distribution — MVN redirects here. For the airport with that IATA code, see Mount Vernon Airport. Probability density function Many samples from a multivariate (bivariate) Gaussian distribution centered at (1,3) with a standard deviation of 3 in roughly the… … Wikipedia
Negative – что означает в переводе анализов?
Получив результаты анализов, пациенты часто не могут разобраться в значениях и аббревиатурах, особенно если справка получена в иностранной клинике или готовится ее перевод для визита за границу. В этом случае, расшифровку лучше доверить врачу или медицинскому переводчику.
Увидев Neg или Negative в результатах анализов, не стоит пугаться. Это означает отсутствие вещества или компонента в составе анализируемого материала. Стоит понимать, что есть показатели, отсутствие которых является положительным знаком. И наоборот: «negative» может показать недостаток или дефицит чего-либо.
Как и во всех случаях, интерпретацию результатов анализов на covid-19 проводит врач. Часто для достоверного ответа требуется повторная сдача. Это связано с малоизученностью вируса, что увеличивает риск погрешности.
Присутствие Negative в тестах на коронавирус также говорит о недостатке вещества или компонента, значение которого может пояснить медицинский специалист.
В результатах общего или клинического анализа мочи «neg» расшифровывается как «не обнаружено». Важно понимать, что не все компоненты должны отсутствовать.
Есть общие визуальные параметры, помогающие оценить состояние мочи – это цвет, прозрачность и запах. Более детальное состояние состава (кислотность, плотность и концентрация веществ) содержится в заключении. Для того, чтобы в этом разобраться, может потребоваться перевод анализа мочи.
Во всех случаях не рекомендуется заниматься самостоятельной расшифровкой. Для полноты и верности картины лучше довериться медикам-профессионалам, а если вам требуется перевод результатов анализов на другой язык, то обратитесь к профессиональным медицинским переводчикам.