Retained earnings что это

Нераспределенная прибыль: что это, формула расчета

Термин «нераспределенная прибыль» говорит сам за себя. Это действительно прибыль, которую пока еще не распределили. Как она возникает и для чего используется? На что должен обратить внимание потенциальный инвестор? Давайте разберемся.

Что такое нераспределенная прибыль?

В конце отчетного периода в результате хозяйственной деятельности предприятие имеет на счетах определенный доход, полученный в результате торговых и внеторговых операций. Из этой суммы вычитаются удержания – налоги, амортизация, взносы в фонды компании, штрафы и дивиденды. То, что останется после проведения выплат, и называется нераспределенной прибылью (НП).

А вот как выглядит формула для расчета нераспределенной прибыли за год:

Посмотрим, как менялась нераспределенная прибыль на примере Сбербанка ( investing.com ):

Таким образом, накопленная прибыль Сбербанка выросла с 3 трлн. рублей в 2017 г. до почти 4.6 трлн. в 2020 году. Интересно, что даже ситуация с коронавирусом не вызвала сокращение нераспределенной прибыли — за 2020 г. она немного увеличилась по сравнению с прошлым.

От чего зависит размер нераспределенной прибыли?

На объем нераспределенной прибыли влияют:

В случае, когда НП приобретает отрицательные значение, возникают непокрытые убытки. Что, понятно, не очень хорошо для компании и ее инвесторов. Они погашаются из резервных фондов или за счет увеличения прибыли в отчетном периоде.

Однако на практике выйти из такой ситуации сложнее. Пример ПАО Аэрофлот:

Если в 2017 году компания компания имела НП в размере почти 37 млрд. рублей, то в последующие 3 года были зафиксированы непокрытые убытки. И если их резкий рост в 2020 г. объясним локдауном с запретом на перелеты, то убытки 2018 и 2019 годов связаны только с рыночной политикой компании. В похожей ситуации многолетних убытков находится Мечел, Объединенная авиастроительная корпорация и некоторые другие крупные российские компании.

Как распределяют накопленную прибыль?

В бухгалтерском учете прибыль, которая не распределена, является не активом, а пассивом предприятия. Звучит странно, но это так. Эти деньги не используются, а лежат «мертвым грузом».

Но потенциально нераспределенная прибыль – источник финансирования любых программ развития компании. НП используют для:

Кроме того, компания может разделить аккумулированную прибыль между акционерами в виде дивидендов в следующем отчетном периоде.

Налог на нераспределенную прибыль: особенности уплаты

Фискальная политика РФ предполагает, что на момент формирования нераспределенной прибыли корпорация уплатила налоговый долг по пропорциональной (фиксированной) ставке и закрыла обязательства перед государством. Но в некоторых зарубежных странах ситуация другая и выплаты нередко проводится в три этапа:

Это не «грабеж среди бела дня», а «эффективный метод снижения фискальной нагрузки».

В странах, практикующих такую систему налогообложения, подоходный налог начисляется по прогрессивной шкале, когда государство увеличивает процент налоговых выплат в зависимости от роста доходов юридического и физического лица. Подобные системы последовательного налогообложения используют Италия, Бразилия, Франция, Германия, США, Новая Зеландия и некоторые другие страны. В США в разных штатах могут действовать свои ставки.

Где искать НП в отчетности?

Чтобы оценить размер нераспределенной прибыли акционерного общества, нужно воспользоваться финансовой отчетностью. В российской практике она существует двух видов: РСБУ и МСФО, о разнице читайте здесь. Обе находятся в открытом доступе на сайтах компаний. В первом случае нужные данные находятся в разделе «Пассив», в строке 1370.

Вот так выглядит отчет «Лукойла» по РСБУ за последние годы. НП компании на 31 декабря 2019 г. составила 957 млрд. руб.

Стандарт МСФО рассчитан на инвесторов и предполагает другой метод подсчета:

Как видно, значения различаются более, чем в 4 раза. У иностранных компаний НП называется «retained earnings» и может быть найдена, например, на ресурсе morningstar:

На что должны обратить внимание инвесторы?

Встречаются два полярных мнения:

На самом деле универсальных правил нет. Корпорации действуют по правилам, которые диктует рынок.

Такая фирма будет направлять накопленную прибыль в резервный фонд, который обеспечит предприятию устойчивость во время кризиса. Инвестируя в такую фирму, вы скорее всего получите небольшой, но стабильный доход.

Бывают и обратные ситуации. Компании, работающие в сфере IT, постоянно требуют значительных вложений. Рынок быстро меняется, а значит, нужно разрабатывать новые продукты, чтобы не уступать нишу конкурентам. Следовательно, перспективный стартап может предложить акционерам очень невысокие и даже нулевые дивиденды, зато в будущем принесет огромную выгоду. Или не принесет, как повезет: риск вложений в данном случае очень высок.

Оценивая перспективность инвестиций, обращайте внимание на специфику компаний и на состояние рынка. Только так вы получите объективный результат.

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Нераспределенная прибыль | Retained Earnings

Нераспределенная прибыль – англ. Retained Earnings, часть чистого дохода, которая не была выплачена как дивиденды, а сохранена компанией с целью ее реинвестирования на развитие бизнеса или для погашения долговых обязательств. В бухгалтерском балансе компании ее величина указывается после графы «собственный капитал».

Формула для расчета нераспределенной прибыли выглядит следующим образом:

где RE₁ – нераспределенная прибыль на конец текущего периода;

RE₀ – нераспределенная прибыль на начало текущего периода;

Net Income – чистая прибыль (может упоминаться как Net Profit);

Dividends – сумма выплаченных дивидендов.

Следует отметить, что если компания в текущем периоде не получила чистой прибыли, а имеет чистый убыток, то формула будет выглядеть следующим образом.

где Net Loss – чистый убыток.

В большинстве случаев, компании сохраняют часть своих доходов, чтобы инвестировать их в области, где можно создать возможности роста, например, на покупку нового оборудование или на осуществление научных исследований.

Если чистый убыток за текущий период больше, чем нераспределенная прибыль на начало периода, нераспределенная прибыль может стать отрицательной, тем самым создавая дефицит.

Бухгалтерский счет нераспределенной прибыли корректируется каждый раз, когда добавляется новая запись по счету доходов или расходов.

Также термин известен как «коэффициент удержания прибыли» (англ. Retention Ratio) или «Retained Surplus».

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RETAINED EARNINGS

Смотреть что такое «RETAINED EARNINGS» в других словарях:

retained earnings — Earnings of a corporation from the current as well as prior years that have neither been distributed to the shareholders as dividends nor transferred to the surplus account. Corporate earnings accumulated over time. One of a corporation s equity… … Financial and business terms

retained earnings — n pl: earned surplus at surplus Merriam Webster’s Dictionary of Law. Merriam Webster. 1996 … Law dictionary

retained earnings — retained profits; = ploughed back profits; = retentions The net profit available for distribution, less any distributions made, i.e. the amount kept within the company. Retained earnings are recorded in the profit and loss reserve … Accounting dictionary

retained earnings — retained profits; ploughed back profits; retentions The net profit available for distribution, less any distributions made, i. e. the amount kept within the company. Retained earnings are recorded in the profit and loss reserve … Big dictionary of business and management

Retained earnings — Accounting earnings that are retained by the firm for reinvestment in its operations; earnings that are not paid out as dividends. The New York Times Financial Glossary * * * retained earnings retained earnings ➔ earnings * * * Earnings not… … Financial and business terms

Retained earnings — In accounting, retained earnings refers to the portion of net income which is retained by the corporation rather than distributed to its owners as dividends. Similarly, if the corporation makes a loss, then that loss is retained and called… … Wikipedia

Retained Earnings — The percentage of net earnings not paid out as dividends, but retained by the company to be reinvested in its core business or to pay debt. It is recorded under shareholders equity on the balance sheet. The formula calculates retained earnings by … Investment dictionary

retained earnings — An account on the balance sheet which represents the accumulated earnings of a corporation less any dividend distributions (including capitalization through stock dividends). It is usually a credit balance and a component of stockholder s equity … Black’s law dictionary

Retained earnings — The balance, either debit or credit, of appropriated or unappropriated retained earnings of the utility department arising from earnings. U.S. Dept. of Energy, Energy Information Administration s Energy Glossary … Energy terms

retained earnings — Accumulated *net income recorded as *stockholders’ *equity in a corporation’s *balance sheet. Retained earnings are normally available for distribution as *dividends … Auditor’s dictionary

retained earnings — the accumulated, undistributed earnings of a corporation. Also called retained income, earned surplus. * * * … Universalium

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retained earnings

Полезное

Смотреть что такое «retained earnings» в других словарях:

retained earnings — Earnings of a corporation from the current as well as prior years that have neither been distributed to the shareholders as dividends nor transferred to the surplus account. Corporate earnings accumulated over time. One of a corporation s equity… … Financial and business terms

retained earnings — n pl: earned surplus at surplus Merriam Webster’s Dictionary of Law. Merriam Webster. 1996 … Law dictionary

retained earnings — retained profits; = ploughed back profits; = retentions The net profit available for distribution, less any distributions made, i.e. the amount kept within the company. Retained earnings are recorded in the profit and loss reserve … Accounting dictionary

retained earnings — retained profits; ploughed back profits; retentions The net profit available for distribution, less any distributions made, i. e. the amount kept within the company. Retained earnings are recorded in the profit and loss reserve … Big dictionary of business and management

Retained earnings — Accounting earnings that are retained by the firm for reinvestment in its operations; earnings that are not paid out as dividends. The New York Times Financial Glossary * * * retained earnings retained earnings ➔ earnings * * * Earnings not… … Financial and business terms

Retained earnings — In accounting, retained earnings refers to the portion of net income which is retained by the corporation rather than distributed to its owners as dividends. Similarly, if the corporation makes a loss, then that loss is retained and called… … Wikipedia

Retained Earnings — The percentage of net earnings not paid out as dividends, but retained by the company to be reinvested in its core business or to pay debt. It is recorded under shareholders equity on the balance sheet. The formula calculates retained earnings by … Investment dictionary

retained earnings — An account on the balance sheet which represents the accumulated earnings of a corporation less any dividend distributions (including capitalization through stock dividends). It is usually a credit balance and a component of stockholder s equity … Black’s law dictionary

Retained earnings — The balance, either debit or credit, of appropriated or unappropriated retained earnings of the utility department arising from earnings. U.S. Dept. of Energy, Energy Information Administration s Energy Glossary … Energy terms

retained earnings — Accumulated *net income recorded as *stockholders’ *equity in a corporation’s *balance sheet. Retained earnings are normally available for distribution as *dividends … Auditor’s dictionary

retained earnings — the accumulated, undistributed earnings of a corporation. Also called retained income, earned surplus. * * * … Universalium

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Retained Earnings

Yarilet Perez is an experienced multimedia journalist and fact-checker with a Master of Science in Journalism. She has worked in multiple cities covering breaking news, politics, education, and more. Her expertise is in personal finance and investing, and real estate.

What Are Retained Earnings?

Retained earnings are an important concept in accounting. The term refers to the historical profits earned by a company, minus any dividends it paid in the past. The word «retained» captures the fact that because those earnings were not paid out to shareholders as dividends they were instead retained by the company. For this reason, retained earnings decrease when a company either loses money or pays dividends, and increase when new profits are created.

Key Takeaways

Retained Earnings

Retained Earnings Formula and Calculation

What Retained Earnings Can Tell You

The following options broadly cover all possible uses a company can make of its surplus money. The first option leads to the earnings money going out of the books and accounts of the business forever because dividend payments are irreversible.

All the other options retain the earnings for use within the business, and such investments and funding activities constitute the retained earnings (RE).

By definition, retained earnings are the cumulative net earnings or profits of a company after accounting for dividend payments. It is also called earnings surplus and represents the reserve money, which is available to the company management for reinvesting back into the business. When expressed as a percentage of total earnings, it is also called the retention ratio and is equal to (1 – the dividend payout ratio).

Though the last option of debt repayment also leads to the money going out of the business, it still has an impact on the business’s accounts (for example, on saving future interest payments, which qualifies it for inclusion in retained earnings).

Profits give a lot of room to the business owner(s) or the company management to use the surplus money earned. This profit is often paid out to shareholders, but it can also be reinvested back into the company for growth purposes. The money not paid to shareholders counts as retained earnings.

Management and Retained Earnings

The decision to retain the earnings or to distribute them among shareholders is usually left to the company management. However, it can be challenged by the shareholders through a majority vote because they are the real owners of the company.

Management and shareholders may want the company to retain the earnings for several different reasons. Being better informed about the market and the company’s business, the management may have a high-growth project in view, which they may perceive as a candidate for generating substantial returns in the future.

In the long run, such initiatives may lead to better returns for the company shareholders instead of those gained from dividend payouts. Paying off high-interest debt may also be preferred by both management and shareholders, instead of dividend payments.

On the other hand, when a company generates surplus income, a portion of the long-term shareholders may expect some regular income in the form of dividends as a reward for putting their money in the company. Traders who look for short-term gains may also prefer dividend payments that offer instant gains.

Most often, the company’s management takes a balanced approach. It involves paying out a nominal amount of dividends and retaining a good portion of the earnings, which offers a win-win.

Dividends vs. Retained Earnings

Dividends can be distributed in the form of cash or stock. Both forms of distribution reduce retained earnings. Cash payment of dividends leads to cash outflow and is recorded in the books and accounts as net reductions. As the company loses ownership of its liquid assets in the form of cash dividends, it reduces the company’s asset value in the balance sheet, thereby impacting RE.

On the other hand, though stock dividends do not lead to a cash outflow, the stock payment transfers part of the retained earnings to common stock. For instance, if a company pays one share as a dividend for each share held by the investors, the price per share will reduce to half because the number of shares will essentially double. Because the company has not created any real value simply by announcing a stock dividend, the per-share market price is adjusted according to the proportion of the stock dividend.

Though the increase in the number of shares may not impact the company’s balance sheet because the market price is automatically adjusted, it decreases the per-share valuation, which is reflected in capital accounts, thereby impacting the RE.

A growth-focused company may not pay dividends at all or pay very small amounts because it may prefer to use the retained earnings to finance activities such as research and development, marketing, working capital requirements, capital expenditures, and acquisitions to achieve additional growth. Such companies have high retained earnings over the years.

A maturing company may not have many options or high-return projects for which to use the surplus cash, and it may prefer handing out dividends. Such companies tend to have low RE.

Retained Earnings vs. Revenue

Both revenue and retained earnings are important in evaluating a company’s financial health, but they highlight different aspects of the financial picture. Revenue sits at the top of the income statement and is often referred to as the top-line number when describing a company’s financial performance.

Revenue is the money generated by a company during a period but before operating expenses and overhead costs are deducted. In some industries, revenue is called gross sales because the gross figure is calculated before any deductions.

Retained earnings are the portion of a company’s cumulative profit that is held or retained and saved for future use. Retained earnings could be used for funding an expansion or paying dividends to shareholders at a later date. Retained earnings are related to net (as opposed to gross) income because it’s the net income amount saved by a company over time.

Limitations of Retained Earnings

For an analyst, the absolute figure of retained earnings during a particular quarter or year may not provide any meaningful insight. Observing it over a period of time (for example, over five years) only indicates the trend of how much money a company is adding to retained earnings.

As an investor, one would like to know much more—such as the returns the retained earnings have generated and if they were better than any alternative investments. Additionally, investors may prefer to see larger dividends rather than significant annual increases to retained earnings.

Retained Earnings-to-Market Value

One way to assess how successful a company was in using the retained money is to look at a key factor called retained earnings to market value. It is calculated over a period of time (usually a couple of years) and assesses the change in stock price against the net earnings retained by the company.

As Morningstar indicates, Apple had the following EPS and dividend figures over the given time frame, and summing them up gives the above values for total EPS and total dividend.

If the company had not retained this money and instead taken an interest-bearing loan, the value generated would have been less due to the outgoing interest payment. RE offers free capital to finance projects, allowing for efficient value creation by profitable companies. However, readers should note that the above calculation is indicative of the value created with respect to the use of retained earnings only, and it does not indicate the overall value created by the company.

Example of Retained Earnings

The retained earnings are calculated by adding net income to (or subtracting net losses from) the previous term’s retained earnings and then subtracting any net dividend(s) paid to the shareholders.

The figure is calculated at the end of each accounting period (monthly/quarterly/annually). As the formula suggests, retained earnings are dependent on the corresponding figure of the previous term. The resultant number may either be positive or negative, depending upon the net income or loss generated by the company over time. Alternatively, the company paying large dividends that exceed the other figures can also lead to the retained earnings going negative.

Any item that impacts net income (or net loss) will impact the retained earnings. Such items include sales revenue, cost of goods sold (COGS), depreciation, and necessary operating expenses.

Are retained earnings a type of equity?

Retained earnings are a type of equity and are therefore reported in the shareholders’ equity section of the balance sheet. Although retained earnings are not themselves an asset, they can be used to purchase assets such as inventory, equipment, or other investments. Therefore, a company with a large retained earnings balance may be well-positioned to purchase new assets in the future or offer increased dividend payments to its shareholders.

What does negative retained earnings mean?

Generally speaking, a company with a negative retained earnings balance would signal weakness because it indicates that the company has experienced losses in one or more previous years. However, it is more difficult to interpret a company with high retained earnings.

What does it mean for a company to have high retained earnings?

On one hand, high retained earnings could indicate financial strength since it demonstrates a track record of profitability in previous years. On the other, it could also indicate that the company’s management is struggling to find profitable investment opportunities for its retained earnings. Under those circumstances, shareholders might prefer it if management simply paid out its retained earnings balance as dividends.

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